One key to understanding how a horse backs up is to imagine that the horse’s topline, from poll to tail, is a chain made up of vertebra. If you try to “push” the chain backward by pulling on the reins without first engaging the hindquarters, the horse’s front foot will step before the opposite hind leg. As a result, the chain links (or vertebra) will move side to side, and you will encounter some resistance. If you engage the horse’s hindquarters first, it will be easier to get him to back. To do so, first apply just enough pressure on the reins to get your horse’s attention. Next, press your left leg against his side to move his hindquarters to the right. Reinforce your leg aid with left rein pressure. When the horse takes a step with his hind foot, release your pressure and allow the horse to rest for a few minutes. Then reverse your cues and ask him to take a step in the other direction. If he tries to step forward, apply firm pressure on the reins to reiterate your message. As soon as he takes a step with his hind foot, be sure to allow him to experience relief, so he learns to react to seek relief.